Q4 Fall 2008
What's the new capital up to?
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Essays
Noteworthy
Q4 magazine similarly explored how current financial trends seemed to have precursors in history.
The potential of sovereign wealth funds to mix politics with finance has many wary of such investment vehicles. Q4 took several looks at SWFs, including a talk with Larry Summers, an insider’s perspective from a leader of one of the larger funds, and an analyst’s take on how the funds have retrenched following the economic crisis. A new paper from Harvard Business School suggests that political involvement with SWF investment strategies does have impacts, though perhaps unexpected ones, such as targeting sectors with higher P/E ratios, and eventually leads to lower returns than SWFs without political involvement. See the paper for details.
These issues have turned out to have interesting echoes as the U.S. is considering becoming a major shareholder in the banks that took TARP funding leading to debates about whether that could lead to too much political interference.
Comment from Can a double bottom line bring better returns?
The New York Times has an in-depth look at the process Pandora uses to customize music for listeners.
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Can a double bottom line bring better returns?
Comment from Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Of the $792 billion committed to stimulus funding, $157 billion has been spent. ProPublica has details broken down by agency and percent of their funding spent. And their “StimCities” page tracks the economy of eight cities across the country with snapshot figures from recent months and poll data.
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Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Comment from Can better financing make solar hot?
The New York Times Green Inc. blog notes a report by environmental groups suggesting that a switch to renewable energy that phased out coal would actually increase the number of jobs in the sector globally by 2.7 million over the next 20 years. “The report is likely to add to debate about whether the transition to a low-carbon economy will create more jobs than it would destroy at a time when countries are slowly showing signs of recovery from the worst economic slowdown in decades.”
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Can better financing make solar hot?
Comment from How should we fund nonprofits?
Interesting interview pointing out some of the differences between the corporate and non-profit world, especially as it relates to financing.
Our business, Wholesale Bingo Supplies works with a number of charitable orgnaizations to raise funds through bingo and other means. From the workers on the ground all the way up to the administrators, a difficulty with financial matters is sometimes very apparent. It's my opinion, that both sides of the corporate and non-profit worlds can learn from each other.
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Bob Robinson
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How should we fund nonprofits?
Comment from Should capital be socially responsible?
I find it some what hypocritical that the Norwegian Government can be taxing their citizens so heavily with a vehicle registration tax that dictates or at the very least, encourages their population to keep older, less effecient vehicles on the road, simply because the tax on new vehicles is so ridiculously high. The weather extremes in Norway also dictate that their population must have vehicular transport for appx. 6 months of the year, which even makes the thinking of the Norwegian government even harder to comprehend.
Also if the Norwegian Government is so concerned about the effect of fossil fuels on the planet and if they are so serious about reducing their efffect, why don't they themselves stop extracting the Oil and Gas from their own reservoirs and lock them up. To be dictating to companies what and how they can operate seems to me to bit unfair considering how much their Oil and Gas contributes to the overall problem.
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Brett Hart
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Should capital be socially responsible?
Comment from What's the new capital up to?
The Wall Street Journal lists their ranking of the top 25 economics blogs along with capsule reviews of each.
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What's the new capital up to?
Comment from Where are the sovereign wealth funds?
In two posts on the Oxford SWF Project blog, there is discussion of sovereign wealth funds cooperating with one another. The first points out that research has shown that SWFs investing locally have a slightly higher return presumably because of information asymmetries, so some SWFs are joining "two or three funds with diverse backgrounds into a single cooperative entity so as to maximize the effectiveness of the investment function in a specific economic geography (region, industry, asset class, etc.)."
The second post addresses the concern that funds working in concert could extend their political influence, but conclude that "recent examples of SWF cooperation seem to be based on commercial criteria exclusively."
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Where are the sovereign wealth funds?
Comment from Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Some economists are looking to ecologists for ideas on how to engineer financial networks to limit the impacts of systemic risks. Stable ecosystems withstand significant shocks and adapt to new conditions so perhaps they have something to teach the world of finance. According to an article in the New Scientist, there isn't an easy blueprint to copy. "Translating insights from stable ecological networks into policy prescriptions in the very different world of finance will need a great deal of further study."
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Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Comment from How is the new philanthropy different?
Kiva, the web-based peer-to-peer microcredit marketplace, has been one of the fastest-growing nonprofits on record, according to this profile in the Stanford Social Innovation Review. Kiva figured out how to connect people seeking microloans with funders through a system that provides microfinance institutions with "free, flexible, and very forgiving debt capital through a brand-new source—individual lenders around the globe." The article focuses on the organizational decisions —none of them straightforward — that the company faced early in its history: whether to operate as a for-profit or nonprofit; whether to use a donation or investment-based model. Read more about microfinance in Q2.
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How is the new philanthropy different?
Comment from Where are the sovereign wealth funds?
Where have all the sovereign wealth funds gone? With huge pools of available capital, sovereign wealth funds seemed, at one point, like a potential source of stability in the global financial system. Slate summarizes new data on what happened to the one-time darlings of the capital markets. Qn talked with insiders from some of the large SWFs. Ng Kok Song, managing director and group chief investment officer at the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, discusses how that fund is run. And Anne Kvam, head of corporate governance for Norway’s Norges Bank Investment Management talks about socially responsible investing.
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Where are the sovereign wealth funds?
Comment from Should capital be socially responsible?
And Norway’s sovereign wealth fund offers a lesson to the world on how to buffer a country in hard times and take advantage of opportunities created when others don’t look ahead, according to an article in the New York Times.
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Should capital be socially responsible?
Comment from What's the new capital up to?
A new paper from Harvard Business School suggests that political involvement with SWF investment strategies does have impacts, though perhaps unexpected ones, such as targeting sectors with higher P/E ratios, and eventually leads to lower returns than SWFs without political involvement. See the paper for details.
These issues have turned out to have interesting echoes as the U.S. is considering becoming a major shareholder in the banks that took TARP funding leading to debates about whether that could lead to too much political interference.
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What's the new capital up to?
Comment from What used to be the new capital?
As the country undertakes a massive rebuilding effort, CSPAN presents a timely interview with Felix Rohatyn, author of Bold Endeavors, which takes a historical look at ten massive projects that built the U.S. From the Homestead Act to the Interstate Highway, these undertakings were sufficiently controversial in their times to require singular presidential leadership to push them through. And while the long view has led each to be seen as a transformative success, Rohatyn points out the compromises that led to a pattern of the privileged few positioning themselves to benefit disproportionately from the public spending.
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What used to be the new capital?
Comment from What's the new capital up to?
Dear Sir,
The fact that you were one of the biggest proponents of the repeal of Glass Steagel, instrumental in the firing of Brookley Borne, then head of the CFTC under Clinton, who wanted to bring OTC derivatives under CFTC regulation, leaves you with very little credibility. Your selection of Tim Geithner, who presided over the build up and subsequent explosion of the largest financial disaster in nearly 100 years as NY Fed Chief, also says plenty about the soundness of your judgment. Finally, the politically driven nature of changes to mark to market accounting rules, as well as the leveraged nature of the PPIP at the expense of the tax payer, represents possibly the largest swindle of the American public in quite some time.
With all due respect, pardon me if i fail to value your opinion. I join the many Americans who are furious about the legacy of the policy failures under your watch and subsequently abetted by the Bush administration. We are now left with the inevitable reality that you will spend enough to keep the Ponzi scheme going through the next presidential election cycle, saddling us with such debt that only a combination...
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Paul Tweddle
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What's the new capital up to?
Comment from No accounting for turbulent times?
“There is an argument to be made that the economic crisis is based on an accounting rule,” says the NPR podcast Planet Money, discussing the debate over mark-to-market accounting standards. Healthy small and regional banks say they have been endangered by the requirement to write down even conservatively-made mortgages in an illiquid environment. But some are concerned that allowing banks to have greater leeway in how they account for assets will mean bigger banks could remain too opaque to accurately evaluate the mystery of their books.
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No accounting for turbulent times?
Comment from How is the new philanthropy different?
Another innovation in philanthropy?
While product placements where marketers pay to put a product in a character’s hands during a popular television show have long been common practice, the Gates Foundation is taking the concept in a new direction: “message placements.” Several philanthropic organizations have been making experts available to television networks with the aim of ensuring, for example, that stories touching on public health issues convey accurate information. Now, The New York Times reports on a deal with Viacom to promote one of the Gates Foundation’s key themes: education. The agreement means the Gates Foundation will actually underwrite production costs in order to write education-related story lines into shows.
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How is the new philanthropy different?
Comment from Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
A piece in Businessweek calls on corporate boards to take more responsibility for being able to assess risk effectively, saying that will mean creating a specific role for a director with the required expertise because, "generally, there has been no [risk] director anywhere to understand or be held accountable for the toxic combination of balance-sheet concentrations, plummeting asset valuations, and vanishing trading liquidity that has created an ocean of red ink."
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Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Comment from What's the new capital up to?
The New York Times reports on a call from Europe for an additional $500 billion for the I.M.F. “Between expressions of solidarity and a newfound emphasis on the I.M.F., the European leaders appeared to be corralling the resources, both political and financial, that would allow bailouts of additional European countries if needed.”
Niall Ferguson introduces "Axis of Upheaval," a special report in Foreign Policy that puts current issues in Mexico, Russia, and Somalia into historical context.
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What's the new capital up to?
Comment from Can capital overcome the past?
David Dapice, an economics professor at Tufts University, writes in YaleGlobal Online that poor countries will be hit hard by the economic crisis. He warns that in addition to the drop in commodity prices, which affects these countries disproportionately, the $929 billion in private capital that flowed into developing countries in 2007 will likely drop to $165 billion in 2009.
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Can capital overcome the past?
Comment from Q4 Update: Can a double bottom line help in tough times?
One of DBL's investments, BrightSource Energy is working with governments and other private actors to rebuild the electrical grid in order to make solar production of electricity more feasible. The New York Times recently reported on “the world’s largest single deal for new solar energy capacity” that BrightSource just signed with Southern California to build and run plants in the Mojave Desert. But still they face the question of how to upgrade transmission lines to get electricity to population centers.
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Q4 Update: Can a double bottom line help in tough times?
Comment from Can Hedge Funds Be YouTubed?
The Wall Street Journal reports, “Brokerage firms are reducing financing and other services to hundreds of hedge funds, in a move that could accelerate the shakeout among these heavy-hitting investors.” The article estimates that as a whole the capital controlled by hedge funds has fallen to about $1.4 trillion from $2 trillion in mid-2008.
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Can Hedge Funds Be YouTubed?
Comment from What's the cost of changing accounting models?
The New York Times takes a multimedia approach to surveying the government’s approach to past recessions.
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What's the cost of changing accounting models?
Comment from Can capital overcome the past?
Talking Points Memo has an interesting mini-editorial about the neutral stance that the main trade group representing private equity has taken thus far on the Employee Free Choice Act at a time when many business interests are opposing the union-supported legislation. Embedded in the piece are plenty of links to get up to speed on the issue.
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Can capital overcome the past?
Comment from What's the new capital up to?
A Wall Street Journal article described sovereign wealth fund officials as the “rock stars” of last year’s Davos summit. This year, the tone at the conference is more subdued. One participant is quoted as saying, “It's about return of equity rather than return on equity.”
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What's the new capital up to?
Comment from Can Hedge Funds Be YouTubed?
Hedge funds are largely secretive about their investments and operations. N+1 magazine got a view into the inner workings of a hedge fund only by offering complete anonymity to a hedge fund manager. The anonymous hedge fund insider describes how the industry contributed to the subprime bubble.
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Can Hedge Funds Be YouTubed?
Comment from Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Debate continues about the success of the federal bailout in getting credit flowing again. A recent New York Times article looked at the lending practices of one small bank in Michigan that received $72 million in federal money.
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Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Comment from What's the view from Dubai?
The new capital may be shrinking. Construction of what would have been the world’s tallest skyscraper has been put on hold. The planned one-kilometer-tall building was part of a $38 billion project in Dubai. The New York Times DealBook blog reports that this is yet another sign of changing times in the emirate, as oil prices have fallen dramatically and capital has dried up.
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What's the view from Dubai?
Comment from Where are the sovereign wealth funds?
At the time of financial crises we need to come together united and try to solve the problems which are responsible for such a hazard. We need to overcome it. It is meant to bring calm to the population and markets and display government strength and stability. As a large number of people spend their money in movies, making films, sports, nowadays even on internet many sites offer internet keno casino for the people interested in gambling but there people lose a large sum of money there in such stuffs which should be minimized as the world is going through a phase where a little wastage of money could be matter of remorse.
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Where are the sovereign wealth funds?
Comment from Is emission reduction a new capital?
The New York Times also has an article on the impact that money and lobbying have had on high-minded goals for curbing greenhouse gases using a carbon market.
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Is emission reduction a new capital?
Comment from Can better financing make solar hot?
Duke Energy is trying out the tactic of renting roof space from consumers and businesses for solar panels. The New York Times blog on green business has a posting.
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Can better financing make solar hot?
Comment from What's the new capital up to?
"Be nice to the countries that lend you money," said Gao Xiqing, president of the China Investment Corporation, in a blunt interview with The Atlantic. Gao oversees about $200 billion of the 2 trillion U.S. dollars held by China.
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Comment from Can capital overcome the past?
Mark van Wyk, who received a scholarship funded through returns on investments of the South African Clothing and Textile Workers Union, sent an email recently providing an update to this story. The son of a union worker, Van Wyk has been able to buy an ownership stake in Mettle, the financial services company he works for in Cape Town, South Africa.
He wrote, "I am currently evaluating different business models (such as micro-leasing) to channel capital from the wholesale debt market, mainly funded by government, to medium enterprises that require capital to grow their businesses. This will be my first entry into starting a business within a business. Should the vision I have for the business manifest, we would be assisting thousands of families in earning a living."
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Can capital overcome the past?
Comment from What's the new capital up to?
"Be nice to the countries that lend you money," said Gao Xiqing, president of the China Investment Corporation, in a blunt interview with The Atlantic. Gao oversees about $200 billion of the 2 trillion U.S. dollars held by China.
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What's the new capital up to?
Comment from Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
J. Bradford DeLong, a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley and research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, has the lead essay in the current Cato Unbound. DeLong offers five reasons why global capital stock fluctuates and targets the key issues in the current financial crisis. He writes that “our models for why the risk discount has taken such a huge upward leap in the past year and a half are little better than simple handwaving and just-so stories. Our current financial crisis remains largely a mystery: a $2 trillion impulse in lost value of securitized mortgages has set in motion a financial accelerator that we do not understand at any deep level but that has led to ten times the total losses in financial wealth of the impulse.”
Another perspective comes from SOM professor Roger Ibbotson with the cover story for this month’s issue of Wealth Manager. In it he puts the markets and the economy in context. While reviewing concisely how we got here, he focuses on the future, writing, “in the long run, the greater the risk, the greater the expected return. Unless you have...
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Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Comment from Can a double bottom line bring better returns?
As the big three carmakers sought bailout funding from Congress, electric cars are in the news. NPR had a two-part story describing the efforts of a Silicon Valley startup, Tesla, to bring a high-performance electric car to market and another company seeking to provide a smarter infrastructure for supporting the charging needs of a possible wave of electric cars. 60 Minutes also had a story contrasting the approaches of Tesla and GM to making an electric car.
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Comment from How do we write about capital?
Will a decline in financial capital cause a growth in literary capital? Novelist and former candidate for the Peruvian presidency Mario Vargas Llosa believes current economic conditions will lead to a period of strong creative activity. Read more of his thoughts in the Latin American Herald Tribune.
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How do we write about capital?
Comment from Can better financing make solar hot?
Soltage announced an equity investment from Tenaska Energy, one of the country's largest independent power producers. For more see the company's announcement.
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Can better financing make solar hot?
Comment from How did the housing bubble affect the subrpime crisis?
The relentless witch hunt for those culpable of our current economic ills has me a little perplexed. I am constantly amazed by how coverage of this event has failed to enlighten us on the real root of the problem. As we all learned at SOM, economics is the study of incentives. And thus if we examine the real estate bust, which has resulted in a financial crisis, ultimately leading to consumer led recession without parallel in the post WW2 era, we will find incentives embedded in the tax code and US law. Let's take for example, the deductability of mortgage interest, which is a clear incentive for home ownership and high levels of indebtedness (interesting that this only happen in Anglo Saxon countries, and not in nations where these incentives do not exist), and most recently the law Clinton signed in 1999 (Community Reinvestment Act Part Deux) broadening incentives for home ownership. Furthermore, the alchemists in Wall Street created "securitization" which although a good idea, had many perverse incentives they didn't foresee, i.e. originators didn't scrutinize borrowers as if the loan was going to remain on their portfolio till maturity. Then there was the Basel 2 accord with respect to...
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Paul Tweddle 2004
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How did the housing bubble affect the subrpime crisis?
Comment from Can better financing make solar hot?
Thanks so much for your comments. We don’t have the resources to research specific questions posted to the comment section, but we can share information that has been valuable to us.
Here are a couple we liked: the McKinsey Quarterly recently offered an interesting look at the solar industry (http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/The_economics_of_solar_power_2161). And the website The Solarserver has a wide array of resources with a focus on the European solar industry (http://www.solarserver.de/index-e.html).
It would be great to see additional sources of information posted by readers.
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Can better financing make solar hot?
Comment from Can better financing make solar hot?
Anything we can do for clean, renewable energy generation is a plus. On the economics, are they favorable without the tax incentives? Tax policy seems to be the one unpredictable part of this equation.
Secondly, on scaling up: What percentage of the total U. S. energy requirements, today and with anticipated growth, could conceivably be provided by solar power; what would be the associated area required for arrays; and what efficiency is assumed for the solar panels?
(Note, please, I ask for the fraction of U. S. total energy requirements that can be provided, not just electrical energy. This assumes the replacement of gasoline vehicles with electric vehicles and the associated recharging demands.)
Jim Smallman
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Jim Smallman
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Can better financing make solar hot?
Comment from Can better financing make solar hot?
The price for performance ratio for your location is very low and was really a waste of money. The best performing setup would have been using more skylights for letting in natural light (less power needed) and solar water heaters to heat up the facility (again less power needed)
More effective and less expensive.
KieranMullen
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KieranMullen
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Can better financing make solar hot?
Comment from Can better financing make solar hot?
Wow that sounds logical to me it does!
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John Collins
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Can better financing make solar hot?
Comment from What's the view from Dubai?
The New York Times has a story about Dubai's reactions to a new economic reality.
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What's the view from Dubai?
Comment from What's the new capital up to?
Five billionaire hedge fund managers testified before Congress this week. They answered questions about leverage, transparency, and the importance of the $1.5 trillion industry to the broader economy. Philip Falcone of Harbinger Capital Partners Fund said he would favor greater public disclosure and transparency. Investors "have a right to know what assets companies have an interest in — whether on or off their balance sheets — and what those assets are really worth." For more see Bloomberg’s report on the proceedings or the New York Times offering including the full text of the prepared remarks of each manager.
Bill Ackman, the CEO of hedge fund Pershing Square Capital Management, appeared on the Charlie Rose show to discuss hedge funds, the ratings agencies, and the progress of bailout efforts.
That interview was among the many interesting links to be found on Paul Kedrosky’s economics blog Infectious Greed. Kedrosky also posted a snapshot of trends in globalization from the Progressive Policy Institute that includes the cost of an international long distance call, the world container shipping capacity, and exports as a share of world GDP.
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What's the new capital up to?
Comment from Should capital be socially responsible?
The Wall Street Journal has a story on socially responsible investment funds faring better than the market averages amid the downturn.
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Should capital be socially responsible?
Comment from Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
A story co-reported by NPR and the New York Times discusses how a school board in Wisconsin bought into CDOs trying to offset rising healthcare costs only to discover they didn’t understand what they had purchased. Hundreds of municipalities seem to have fallen into similar troubles. Listen to the radio pieces on NPR’s Planet Money website or read the New York Times story.
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Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Comment from Is something new happening with private equity?
More than a year into a slowdown in private equity activity some of the biggest players are facing a squeeze as debt obligations are coming due in a tight credit market. A New York Times story says that history shows the worst may be yet to come for private equity but is able to find some who see it as a time of opportunity.
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Is something new happening with private equity?
Comment from What's the new capital up to?
A bubble inside a bubble? The New York Times has a story about market bears standing contrary to investors like John Bogle and Warren Buffett who see a time to buy with the market down. Looking at historical price to earnings ratios, some bears say these are lows only relative to the last 20 years, a period which may represent a bubble itself and perhaps one that is ready to pop.
For an even longer view, read Q2’s interview with SOM economist Martin Shubik from last fall in which he discusses 50 years of market watching, including his views on how modern finance has created "a disconnect between the actual corporation and the piece of paper representing ownership of the corporation."
As the media seeks expertise for understanding the economic turmoil, increasingly they are turning to business and economic blogs. The PBS digital media blog highlights several top bloggers and how their work is proving valuable to both long-time and new readers.
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What's the new capital up to?
Comment from Where are the sovereign wealth funds?
Author and Middle East analyst Dilip Hiro has more on the ways sovereign wealth funds are investing in their own economies at Yale Global Online.
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Where are the sovereign wealth funds?
Comment from What's the new capital up to?
What role is there for the new capital in the current financial crisis? French president Nicolas Sarkozy told the European Parliament that EU states should create sovereign wealth funds to buy ownership stakes in companies to prevent non-European SWFs from buying control of key industries during the deep fall in stock prices. Spiegel Online has the story.
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Comment from Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
In response to growing concerns on the spread of the financial crisis, the Yale School of Management, in partnership with the Wall Street Journal and CNBC, organized a roundtable discussion in New York on September 23. Stephen Schwarzman ’69 YC, the chairman, CEO, and cofounder of the Blackstone Group began the discussion with a summary of the factors leading up to the turmoil.
“Like all things like this, the factors are basically known. It's a perfect storm. It started with the Congress basically encouraging lending to lower income people and the system kicked in and started doing it, and we went from subprime loans being about 2% of total loans in 2002 to growing to be 30% of loans made in 2006. And that kind of enormous increase swept into that net a lot of people who shouldn't have ever been borrowing. Those loans were repackaged in CDOs and unfortunately rated Triple-A, which led the investment banking firms who distributed those to basically doing none to very light due diligence. And those securities were distributed throughout the world, at which point eventually they started defaulting. And as they started defaulting they started falling in value, and no one...
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Comment from Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
The accountants respond.
Read accounting professor Rick Antle's take on the role of accounting rules in the spread of the credit crisis.
Read a 2007 commentary by Shyam Sunder that presciently identified problems with fair value accounting.
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Comment from Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
The Yale SOM webpage with additional resources on the financial crisis includes video of a panel discussion in which Gary Gorton took part and a commentary by Will Goetzmann, among other items.
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Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Comment from How is the new philanthropy different?
Read more on this subject:
The Wall Street Journal reports on a recent study suggesting a generational shift in philanthropy.
Kash Rangan of Harvard Business School gives his own take on the state of philanthropy and the continuing evolution of social enterprises, both for-profit and nonprofit.
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How is the new philanthropy different?
Comment from Is emission reduction a new capital?
James Cameron, the cofounder and vice-chairman of Climate Change Capital, argued in a Times of London op-ed that, in the midst of the banking crisis, we mustn't lose sight of the steadily increasing risks of climate change.
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Is emission reduction a new capital?
Comment from How do we write about capital?
Margaret Atwood, author of numerous volumes of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, wrote an essay in the Wall Street Journal (subscription required) about another way that ideas of money and finance have weighed on the literary imagination: debt.
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How do we write about capital?
Comment from Is emission reduction a new capital?
In a contrary view of carbon trading, Oliver Tickell argues that under the EU's emission trading system polluters are making a profit. Read his take.
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Is emission reduction a new capital?
Comment from Should capital be socially responsible?
In the first agreement of its kind, Xcel Energy, a company that builds coal-fired power plants, agreed to disclose to investors the risks that global warming poses to its business. The move could give activist investors more leverage to push the company to improve its environmental performance. Will it be a model for others to follow?
Read a description in the New York Times.
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Should capital be socially responsible?
Comment from Is emission reduction a new capital?
Peter Sweatman, the managing director of client operations in Southern Europe and Latin America at Climate Change Capital, gave a speech to the Carbon Finance Speaker Series at Yale, outlining the fundamentals of carbon finance and explaining the essential question of why carbon credits have a value. His talk was turned into a chapter in Carbon Finance: Environmental Market Solutions to Climate Change, and is available online.
Read the chapter.
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Is emission reduction a new capital?
Comment from Can a double bottom line bring better returns?
For more on the critical limits to the power grid read this New York Times story on the subject. Or see ways another venture capital firm is seeking to distinguish itself from the pack in this New York Times article.
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Can a double bottom line bring better returns?
Comment from Should capital be socially responsible?
For more on corporate social responsibility read The Economist's special report.
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Should capital be socially responsible?
Comment from Can capital overcome the past?
For more on this topic read the Yale SOM case study on South Africa's Black Economic Empowerment efforts. An essay in Q1 by SOM's James Baron on creating markets for good corporate behavior also touched on the topic.
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Can capital overcome the past?
Comment from Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
For more on the role of the subprime crisis in global financial system problems read Gary Gorton's paper prepared for the August 2008 Federal Reserve conference in Jackson Hole, Wyoming.
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Did innovation cause the credit crisis?
Comment from How does a sovereign wealth fund operate?
What's Garten's take on SWFs?
In August 2007, Jeff Garten wrote an essay on sovereign wealth funds for the Financial Times, warning of the danger that state owners could use their investments for policy ends and calling for tougher regulations. It touched a nerve. He was cited in dozens of news articles, and his views were debated through the blogosphere.
Garten points to the recent emergence of SWFs as one reason why his suggestions drew such a vigorous response. "I think that I wrote about the subject just at the time when people were becoming aware of the issues," he says. "Also, I was very specific about policy recommendations and that provided an easy target for discussion."
Over the next year, as the credit crunch tightened, Bear Sterns imploded, and stocks tumbled, Garten's views of the situation evolved. "A year ago I was very casual about how much the funds of the SWFs were needed by the U.S. Unfortunately, we need the money more than I ever thought, and it may be that way for a long time. I am a pragmatist, and so I have concluded that we should work closely with the SWFs to...


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